發(fa)布(bu)者：佛(fo)山市順德區華源裝備科技(ji)有限(xian)公司 時間：2022-8-1 13:41:46
電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(Motors)是(shi)(shi)把電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)轉換成機械能(neng)的設備(bei)，它是(shi)(shi)利用(yong)通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)圈在(zai)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)場(chang)中受(shou)力(li)轉動(dong)的現象制成，分布于各個(ge)用(yong)戶處，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機按使用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源不同(tong)分為直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機和(he)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統中的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機大部分是(shi)(shi)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機，可(ke)以是(shi)(shi)同(tong)步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機或者是(shi)(shi)異步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機定(ding)子磁(ci)(ci)(ci)場(chang)轉速與轉子旋(xuan)轉轉速不保持同(tong)步(bu)速)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機主(zhu)要由定(ding)子與轉子組成。通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導線(xian)在(zai)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)場(chang)中受(shou)力(li)運(yun)動(dong)的方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)跟(gen)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)和(he)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)感線(xian)(磁(ci)(ci)(ci)場(chang)方(fang)(fang)向(xiang))方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)有關。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機工作原理是(shi)(shi)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)場(chang)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)受(shou)力(li)的作用(yong)，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機轉動(dong)。
(一)定子(靜止部分)
1、定子鐵心
作用(yong)：電(dian)機磁路的(de)一部分(fen)，并在其上放(fang)置定(ding)子繞組。
構造：定(ding)子(zi)鐵心一般由(you)0.35~0.5毫米厚表面具(ju)有(you)絕緣層的硅鋼(gang)片沖制、疊(die)壓(ya)而(er)成，在鐵心的內圓沖有(you)均勻分(fen)布的槽，用以嵌放定(ding)子(zi)繞組(zu)。
定子鐵心槽型有以下(xia)幾種(zhong)：
半(ban)閉口型(xing)槽：電動機(ji)的效率和(he)功率因數較(jiao)(jiao)高，但繞組嵌線(xian)和(he)絕緣(yuan)都較(jiao)(jiao)困難。一(yi)般(ban)用于(yu)小型(xing)低壓電機(ji)中。
半開口型(xing)(xing)(xing)槽(cao)：可嵌放(fang)成型(xing)(xing)(xing)繞(rao)組(zu)，一般用于大型(xing)(xing)(xing)、中型(xing)(xing)(xing)低(di)壓(ya)電機。所謂成型(xing)(xing)(xing)繞(rao)組(zu)即(ji)繞(rao)組(zu)可事(shi)先(xian)經過絕緣處理后再(zai)放(fang)入槽(cao)內(nei)。
開口型槽：用(yong)以嵌放成型繞(rao)組(zu)，絕緣方法方便，主要用(yong)在高壓電機中。
2、定子繞組
作用：是電動機的電路(lu)部分，通入三(san)相交流電，產(chan)生旋轉磁場。
構造：由三(san)個在空間互隔120°電(dian)角(jiao)度(du)、隊稱(cheng)排(pai)列的結構完(wan)全相同繞組(zu)連接而成，這些繞組(zu)的各(ge)個線圈按一定規律分別嵌(qian)放在定子(zi)各(ge)槽內。
定子繞(rao)組的(de)主要絕緣項(xiang)目(mu)有以(yi)下三種：(保證繞(rao)組的(de)各導電部分與(yu)鐵心間(jian)的(de)可靠絕緣以(yi)及繞(rao)組本身間(jian)的(de)可靠絕緣)。
(1)對(dui)地絕緣：定(ding)子(zi)繞組(zu)整體與定(ding)子(zi)鐵心間的(de)絕緣。
(2)相間絕(jue)(jue)緣：各(ge)相定子繞組(zu)間的絕(jue)(jue)緣。
(3)匝間(jian)絕緣：每(mei)相定(ding)子繞組各線(xian)匝間(jian)的(de)絕緣。
電動機接線(xian)盒內的(de)接線(xian)：
電動機接(jie)(jie)線(xian)(xian)盒內都有一(yi)塊接(jie)(jie)線(xian)(xian)板，三相繞組的(de)六個(ge)線(xian)(xian)頭排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)成上下兩排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)，并規定(ding)上排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)三個(ge)接(jie)(jie)線(xian)(xian)樁自(zi)左至右排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)列(lie)的(de)編號(hao)為1(U1)、2(V1)、3(W1)，下排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)三個(ge)接(jie)(jie)線(xian)(xian)樁自(zi)左至右排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)列(lie)的(de)編號(hao)為6(W2)、4(U2)、5(V2)，.將三相繞組接(jie)(jie)成星形接(jie)(jie)法(fa)或三角形接(jie)(jie)法(fa)。凡制造和維修(xiu)時(shi)均應按這個(ge)序號(hao)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)列(lie)。
3、機座(zuo)
作用：固定定子(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)心(xin)與前后端蓋(gai)以支撐轉子(zi)(zi)，并起防護、散熱等(deng)作用。
構造(zao)：機(ji)座通常為鑄鐵件，大(da)型異步(bu)電動機(ji)機(ji)座一(yi)般(ban)用(yong)鋼板焊成，微型電動機(ji)的(de)機(ji)座采用(yong)鑄鋁件。封閉(bi)式電機(ji)的(de)機(ji)座外面有散熱(re)(re)筋以增加散熱(re)(re)面積，防護(hu)式電機(ji)的(de)機(ji)座兩端端蓋開有通風(feng)孔(kong)，使電動機(ji)內外的(de)空氣可直(zhi)接(jie)對流，以利(li)于散熱(re)(re)。
(二)轉(zhuan)子(旋轉(zhuan)部分)
1、三相異步(bu)電動機的轉子鐵(tie)心：
作(zuo)用：作(zuo)為(wei)電機磁路的一部分(fen)以及在(zai)鐵心槽內放置轉(zhuan)子繞組。
構造：所用材料與定子(zi)一(yi)樣(yang)，由0.5毫米(mi)厚的(de)硅鋼(gang)片(pian)沖(chong)(chong)制、疊壓而成，硅鋼(gang)片(pian)外(wai)圓(yuan)沖(chong)(chong)有均勻分布的(de)孔，用來安置轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)繞組。通(tong)常用定子(zi)鐵(tie)心(xin)沖(chong)(chong)落后的(de)硅鋼(gang)片(pian)內圓(yuan)來沖(chong)(chong)制轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)鐵(tie)心(xin)。一(yi)般小(xiao)型異(yi)步(bu)電動機的(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)鐵(tie)心(xin)直接壓裝在轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)軸上(shang)，大、中型異(yi)步(bu)電動機(轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)直徑在300~400毫米(mi)以上(shang))的(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)鐵(tie)心(xin)則借助與轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)支架壓在轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)軸上(shang)。
2、三相異步電動機的轉(zhuan)子繞組
作用：切割定子旋(xuan)轉磁場產生(sheng)感(gan)應電(dian)(dian)動勢及電(dian)(dian)流，并(bing)形成電(dian)(dian)磁轉矩(ju)而使電(dian)(dian)動機旋(xuan)轉。
構造：分為鼠籠式轉(zhuan)子和繞線式轉(zhuan)子。
(1)鼠(shu)籠(long)式轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子：轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子繞(rao)組(zu)由插(cha)入轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子槽(cao)中的多根導條和(he)兩(liang)個(ge)環行(xing)的端環組(zu)成。若去掉(diao)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子鐵心，整個(ge)繞(rao)組(zu)的外(wai)形(xing)像(xiang)一個(ge)鼠(shu)籠(long)，故稱(cheng)籠(long)型繞(rao)組(zu)。小(xiao)型籠(long)型電(dian)動(dong)機采(cai)用(yong)鑄鋁轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子繞(rao)組(zu)，對于(yu)100KW以上的電(dian)動(dong)機采(cai)用(yong)銅(tong)條和(he)銅(tong)端環焊接而成。鼠(shu)籠(long)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子分(fen)為(wei)：阻抗型轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子、單鼠(shu)籠(long)型轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子、雙鼠(shu)籠(long)型轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子、深槽(cao)式轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子幾種(zhong)，起(qi)動(dong)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩等特性各有不同。
(2)繞線式(shi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子：繞線轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子繞組與定子繞組相似，也是一(yi)個對(dui)稱的(de)三相繞組，一(yi)般接(jie)(jie)(jie)成(cheng)星形，三個出線頭接(jie)(jie)(jie)到(dao)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)軸的(de)三個集流(liu)環上，再通(tong)過電刷(shua)與外電路聯接(jie)(jie)(jie)。
特點：結構較復雜，故繞(rao)線式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)的應用(yong)不如鼠籠(long)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)廣泛。但通過集(ji)流環和電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷在轉子(zi)繞(rao)組回路中串入附加電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻等元(yuan)件，用(yong)以改善(shan)異步電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)的起、制(zhi)動性能(neng)及調(diao)速性能(neng)，故在要(yao)求一定范(fan)圍內進行平(ping)滑調(diao)速的設備，如吊車、電(dian)(dian)(dian)梯、空氣壓縮機(ji)等上面采用(yong)。
(三(san)(san))三(san)(san)相異步電動機(ji)的其(qi)它附件
1、端蓋：支撐作用。
2、軸(zhou)承：連(lian)接(jie)轉(zhuan)動部分與不動部分。
3、軸承(cheng)端(duan)蓋(gai)：保護(hu)軸承(cheng)。
4、風扇：冷卻電動機。
三(san)相異步電動機(ji)型(xing)號字母表示(shi)的含義(yi)：
J——異(yi)步(bu)電動機; O——封閉; L——鋁(lv)線纏組(zu);
W——戶外; Z——冶金起(qi)重; Q——高起(qi)動轉輪;
D——多速; B——防爆; R一(yi)繞(rao)線式;
S——雙鼠籠; K一(yi)—高(gao)速(su); H——高(gao)轉(zhuan)差率。
